Osteoporosis is a condition caused by a decrease in bone density. Osteoporosis usually progresses without symptoms and may not be recognised until bone fractures occur. Symptoms include spinal and back pain, short stature and deformities. Regular exercise, a healthy diet and reduction of risk factors are important for prevention. The diagnosis is made by measuring bone mineral density and the treatment depends on the age, disease state and risk factors. Early diagnosis and treatment are important.